+ Long Call Options +
+ -- Long Call Options -
- - - - - --
- It is useful to understand some basic terminology regarding the strike of a call option: -
-
-
- - In-The-Money (ITM): The stock price is greater than the strike price. - -
- - At-The-Money (ATM): The stock price is equal to the strike price. - -
- - Out-of-the-money (OTM): The stock price is less than the strike price. - -
-
- Profiting from the option at expiration requires it to be ITM by more than the amount you paid for it; simple as that. -
- What's the Goal -
+ ++
+ It is useful to understand some basic terminology regarding the strike + of a call option: +
-
+
- + In-The-Money (ITM): The + stock price is greater than the strike + price. + +
- + At-The-Money (ATM): The + stock price is equal to the strike + price. + +
- + Out-of-the-money (OTM): The + stock price is less than the strike + price. + +
-
- For example, if you paid $5.00 for a 100 call and the stock is now worth $103, you will still lose money ($2 x 100 = $200) because you must cover the cost of the option. -
-
- Because of this, you really want the stock to go well above your strike price (depending on how much you paid for the option). Otherwise you will constantly be worrying if the stock is going to make it, which often leads to panic selling. -
-
- As a result, you want the stock to rise significantly above your strike price (depending on the amount you paid for the option). Otherwise, you'll be constantly worried about whether the stock will make it, which can lead to panic selling. -
+
+ Profiting from the option at expiration requires it to be ITM by more + than the amount you paid for it; simple as that. +
- Effect of Time -
++ What's the Goal +
- --
- Time decay occurs because as time passes, the chance of the stock making a large move decreases. An OTM contract can have plenty of value months before expiration, but as the final days approach, it will rapidly lose value if it is still out of the money. Simply put, when there is less time remaining, there is less of a chance that the stock will be able to move in time, making the price that others are willing to pay for the option less. -
-
- Time decay can be "fought" by other factors. The most obvious of course, is the price of the underlying stock. If the stock moves upwards enough, it can increase the value of the call more than the time decay is taking away from the call. Another factor is implied volatility, which can offset the decay if it increases enough. -
-
- Absent of these factors, a call will lose value as expiration approaches. The final price of a call will depend on how far ITM it is. All OTM calls, which previously were worth something due to the time value, will be worthless at expiration. -
+
+ For example, if you paid $5.00 for a 100 call and the stock is now + worth $103, you will still lose money ($2 x 100 = $200) because you + must cover the cost of the option. +
+
+ Because of this, you really want the stock to go well above your strike + price (depending on how much you paid for the option). Otherwise you + will constantly be worrying if the stock is going to make it, which + often leads to panic selling. +
+
+ As a result, you want the stock to rise significantly above your strike + price (depending on the amount you paid for the option). Otherwise, + you'll be constantly worried about whether the stock will make it, + which can lead to panic selling. +
- Effect of Volatility -
- - --
- Why would an investor pay more for an option than the theoretical fair value? There are many reasons, all of which involve real world events that factor into their decision. The most common reason is that an earnings announcement is upcoming. -
-
- Typically, a stock moves either up or down a fair bit when earnings are announced, as the company either beats or doesn't meet earning expectations. You might think this would be the perfect time to buy a call, as there is a chance the stock makes a big move in the coming days. Of course, everyone else in the market also thinks this and wants to get in on the action. Demand from lots of buyers of an option will cause the price of the option to go up. (Just like how lots of demand from home buyers or concert-goers allows for sellers to charge more) It goes the other way too, as option sellers know their worth and aren't going to sell an option that could double in the coming days for cheap. -
-
- Since there's expectation of a price raise, and therefore higher implied volatility, options are going for more than they usually would. However, after the announcement, implied volatility (and the price of the option) rapidly collapse to typical levels. So even if the price raises a lot as a result of the earnings, the call option might be worth less just because the IV is now lower (no more expectations that the price could raise further). -
- Pros of Long Call Options -
- --
-
- - Buying a call is much cheaper than buying 100 shares of the underlying stock, giving you lots of leverage for relatively little capital. - -
- - Like owning shares, a long call has no profit cap. - -
- - You can never lose more than 100% of your investment. (This may sound like a con, but it is a benefit over other option strategies that have uncapped loss potential). - -
+ Effect of Time +
-- Cons of Long Call Options -
- --
-
- - If the stock doesn't reach your breakeven point, you will lose your entire investment. If you owned shares instead, you may only be down a small amount, as the chance of a stock going to zero is slim. (But don't forget about Lehman Brothers) - -
- - Being highly leveraged means that even a small downwards move can send the call plummeting, leaving you with a tough decision to cut your losses or hold out for longer. - -
+
+ Time decay occurs because as time passes, the chance of the stock making + a large move decreases. An OTM contract can have plenty of value months + before expiration, but as the final days approach, it will rapidly + lose value if it is still out of the money. Simply put, when there + is less time remaining, there is less of a chance that the stock will + be able to move in time, making the price that others are willing to + pay for the option less. +
+
+ Time decay can be "fought" by other factors. The most obvious of course, + is the price of the underlying stock. If the stock moves upwards enough, + it can increase the value of the call more than the time decay is taking + away from the call. Another factor is implied volatility, which can + offset the decay if it increases enough. +
+
+ Absent of these factors, a call will lose value as expiration approaches. + The final price of a call will depend on how far ITM it is. All OTM + calls, which previously were worth something due to the time value, + will be worthless at expiration. +
- Simple Example -
- --
- This formula reflects that if the stock price exceeds the strike price, the option is profitable and worth exercising. For instance, if the strike price is $100 and the stock is trading at $105, the option can be exercised to buy shares at $100, resulting in a profit of $5 per share when sold at the market price. -
-
- The value of a call option prior to expiry consists of both intrinsic value and extrinsic value, commonly referred to as time value. Calculating the extrinsic value manually can be complex, often necessitating the use of option pricing models. - -
-
- To find the breakeven, simply add the price you paid for the contract(s) to the strike price: - -
+ Effect of Volatility +
+ ++
+ Why would an investor pay more for an option than the theoretical fair + value? There are many reasons, all of which involve real world events + that factor into their decision. The most common reason is that an + earnings announcement is upcoming. +
+
+ Typically, a stock moves either up or down a fair bit when earnings + are announced, as the company either beats or doesn't meet earning + expectations. You might think this would be the perfect time to buy + a call, as there is a chance the stock makes a big move in the coming + days. Of course, everyone else in the market also thinks this and wants + to get in on the action. Demand from lots of buyers of an option will + cause the price of the option to go up. (Just like how lots of demand + from home buyers or concert-goers allows for sellers to charge more) + It goes the other way too, as option sellers know their worth and aren't + going to sell an option that could double in the coming days for cheap. +
+
+ Since there's expectation of a price raise, and therefore higher implied + volatility, options are going for more than they usually would. However, + after the announcement, implied volatility (and the price of the option) + rapidly collapse to typical levels. So even if the price raises a lot + as a result of the earnings, the call option might be worth less just + because the IV is now lower (no more expectations that the price could + raise further). +
+ Pros of Long Call Options +
+ +-
+
- + Buying a call is much cheaper than buying 100 shares of the + underlying stock, giving you lots of leverage for relatively + little capital. + +
- + Like owning shares, a long call has no profit cap. + +
- + You can never lose more than 100% of your investment. (This + may sound like a con, but it is a benefit over other option + strategies that have uncapped loss potential). + +
+ Cons of Long Call Options +
+ +-
+
- + If the stock doesn't reach your breakeven point, you will lose + your entire investment. If you owned shares instead, you may + only be down a small amount, as the chance of a stock going to + zero is slim. (But don't forget about Lehman Brothers) + +
- + Being highly leveraged means that even a small downwards move + can send the call plummeting, leaving you with a tough + decision to cut your losses or hold out for longer. + +
+ Simple Example +
+ ++
+ This formula reflects that if the stock price exceeds the strike price, + the option is profitable and worth exercising. For instance, if the + strike price is $100 and the stock is trading at $105, the option can + be exercised to buy shares at $100, resulting in a profit of $5 per + share when sold at the market price. +
+
+ The value of a call option prior to expiry consists of both intrinsic + value and extrinsic value, commonly referred to as time value. Calculating + the extrinsic value manually can be complex, often necessitating the + use of option pricing models. +
+
+ To find the breakeven, simply add the price you paid for the contract(s) + to the strike price: + +
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